REPORTED SPEECH
If we report what another person has said, we
usually do not use the speaker’s exact words (direct speech), but reported
(indirect) speech. Therefore, you need to learn how to transform direct speech
into reported speech. The structure is a little different depending on whether
you want to transform a statement, question or request.
Statements
When transforming statements, check whether
you have to change:
§ pronouns
§ present tense verbs (3rd
person singular)
§ place and time expressions
§ tenses (backshift)
|
Type
|
Example
|
|
direct speech
|
“I speak English.”
|
|
reported speech
(no backshift)
|
He says that he speaks
English.
|
|
reported speech
(backshift)
|
He said that he spoke
English.
|
Pronouns
In reported speech, you often have to change the pronoun
depending on who says what.
Example
She says, “My mum
doesn’t have time today.” – She says that her mum doesn’t have time today.
Tenses
No backshift
Do not change the tense if the introductory clause is in
Simple Present (e. g. He says). Note, however, that you might have to
change the form of the present tense verb (3rd person singular).
Example
He says, “I speak
English.” – He says that he speaks English.
Backshift
You must change the tense if the introductory clause is
in Simple Past (e. g. He
said). This is called backshift.
Example
He said, “I am
happy.” – He said that he was happy.
Questions
When transforming questions, check whether
you have to change:
§ pronouns
§ present tense verbs (3rd
person singular)
§ place and time expressions
§ tenses (backshift)
Also note that you have to:
§ transform the question into
an indirect question
§ use the interrogative or if / whether
|
Type
|
Example
|
|
with interrogative
|
direct speech
|
“Why don’t you speak
English?”
|
|
reported speech
|
He asked me why I didn’t
speak English.
|
|
without interrogative
|
direct speech
|
“Do you speak English?”
|
|
reported speech
|
He asked me whether / if
I spoke English.
|
For pronouns, tenses and place / time
expressions see statements in reported speech.
Besides, note that instead of ‚that‘ you
use the interrogative. If there is no interrogative, use ‚whether‘ / ‚if‘.
|
|
Direct Speech
|
Reported Speech
|
|
statement
|
He said: “She lives in
London.“
|
He said that she lived in
London
|
|
question with
interrogative
|
He asked:“Where does she
live?“
|
He asked where she lived.
|
|
question without
interrogative
|
He asked: “Does she live
in London?“
|
He asked whether she
lived in London.
He asked if she lived in London.
|
It is also important that you use an indirect
question in reported speech, i.e. after the interrogative or ‚whether‘ / ‚if‘ you
continue the sentence as if it were a statement (subject-verb etc.). The
auxiliary verb ‚do‘ is not used in indirect questions.
Example:
He asked: “Where does she live?“ – He asked where she
lived.
Requests
When transforming questions, check whether
you have to change:
§ pronouns
§ place and time expressions
|
Type
|
Example
|
|
direct speech
|
“Carol, speak English.“
|
|
reported speech
|
He told Carol to speak English.
|
For pronouns and place / time expressions see
statements in reported speech. Tenses are not relevant for requests –
simply use ‚to‘ + infinite verb.
Example:
She said, “Say hello to your mum.“ – She asked me to say
hello to my mum.
For negative requests, use ‚not to‘ +
infinite verb.
Example:
He said, “Don’t give up, Bob.“ – He advised Bob not to
give up.
Additional
Information and Exeptions
Apart from the above mentioned basic rules,
there are further aspects that you should keep in mind, for example:
§ main clauses connected with and / but
§ tense of the introductory
clause
§ reported speech for
difficult tenses
§ exeptions for backshift
§ requests with must, should, ought
to and let’s
Main Clauses connected with and / but
If two complete main clauses are connected with ‚and‘ or ‚but‘, put ‚that‘ after the conjunction.
Example:
He said,“I saw her
but she didn’t see me.“ – He said that he had seen her but that she hadn’t seen
him.“
If the subject is left out in the second main clause (the
conjunction is followed by a verb), do not use ‚that‘.
Example:
She said,“I am a
nurse and work in a hospital.“ – He said that she was a nurse and worked in a
hospital.“
Tense of the Introductory Clause
The introductory clause usually is in Past Tense.
Example:
He said that …
Present Tense is often used to report a conversation that
is still going on, e. g. during a phone call or while reading a letter.
Example:
“I am fine.“ – Tom
says / writes that he is fine.
The introductory clause can also be in another tense. In
the following table you can see, for which tense of the introductory clause you
have to use backshift in reported speech.
|
No Backshift
if introductory clause is in …
|
Backshift
if introductory clause is in …
|
|
§ Simple Present (He says …)
§ Present Perfect (He has said …)
§ Future I will (He will say …)
§ Future I going to (He is going to say …)
|
§ Simple Past (He said …)
§ Past Perfect (He had said …)
§ Future II ( He will have said …)
§ Conditional I (He would say …)
§ Conditional II (He would have said …)
|
Backshift in Reported Speech
The basic rules for backshift when transforming direct
speech into reported speech are:
|
Direct Speech
|
Reported Speech
|
|
Simple Present
|
Simple Past
|
|
Present Progressive
|
Past Progressive
|
|
Simple Past
|
Past Perfect Simple
|
|
Present Perfect
|
|
Past Perfect
|
|
Past Progressive
|
Past Perfect Progressive
|
|
Present Perfect Progressive
|
|
Past Perfect Progressive
|
|
Future I (going to)
|
was / were going to
|
|
Future I (will)
|
Conditional I
|
|
Conditional I
|
|
Future II
|
Conditional II
|
|
Conditional II
|
Exceptions
Backshift of Simple Present is optional if the situation is still
unchanged or if you agree with the original speaker.
Beispiel:
“Canberra is the capital of Australia.“
She said that
Canberra is / was the
capital of Australia.
Backshift of Simple Past and Past Progressive is optional if they cannot be
mistakenly taken for backshift of Present Tense. So backshift is not necessary
if there is a time expression indicating past.
Example:
“She left Boston on Monday.“
He said that she left / had left Boston
on Monday.
Simple Past and Past Progressive do not normally change in sentences
with when / if.
Example:
“When I was having breakfast, the telephone suddenly rang.“
She said that when
she was
having breakfast, the
telephone suddenly rang.
Example:
“If I had more time, I would learn French.“
He said that if he had more time, he would learn French.
Requests
The basic rule for requests is: introductory
clause + ‚to‘ + infinite verb.
Example:
“Say hello
to your mum.“
She asked me to say hello to my mum.
Advise expressions with must, should and ought are usually reported using advise / urge.
Example:
“You must read that book.“
He advised / urged me to
read that book.
The expression let’s is usually reported using suggest. In this case, there are various
possibilities for reported speech: gerund or statement with should.
Example:
“Let’s go
to the cinema.“
He suggested going to the cinema.
He suggested that we
should go.to the cinema.
COMPOUND SENTENCES
The second type of sentence is the compound sentence.
This sentence is composed of two simple sentences joined together by a comma
and a joining word(coordinating conjunction). We could also
describe a compound sentence as two independent clauses joined by a
conjunction.There are seven coordinating conjunctions:
·
and
·
but
·
so
·
or
·
for
·
nor
·
yet.
Some examples:
- John
bought some new shoes, and he wore them to a party.
- Lydia
liked her new house, but she didn't like the front yard.
- We
can go see a movie, or we can get something to eat.
Notice that in each example, there is a
subject and a verb in each independent clause. These sentences can be changed
by removing the subject:
- John
bought some new shoes and wore them to a party.
- Lydia
liked her new house but not the front yard.
- We
can go see a movie or get something to eat.
These are still good sentences, but by
removing the subject from one part of them, they are no longer compound
sentences.
Compound
Sentence Examples
Compound Sentences with
Coordinating Conjunctions
·
She
did not cheat on the test, for it was not the right thing to do.
·
I
think I will buy the red car or I will lease the blue one.
·
I
really want to go to work but I am too sick to drive.
·
I
am counting my calories yet I really want dessert.
·
He
ran out of money, so he had to stop playing poker.
·
They
got there early and they got really good seats.
·
There
was no ice cream in the freezer nor did they have money to go to the store.
·
Everyone
was busy so I went to the movie alone.
·
I
would have gotten the promotion, but my attendance wasn’t good enough.
·
Should
we start class now or should we wait for everyone to get here?
·
It
was getting dark and we weren’t there yet.
·
Cats
are good pets, for they are clean and are not noisy.
·
We
have never been to Asia nor have we visited Africa.
·
He
didn’t want to go to the dentist, yet he went anyway.
Compound Sentences with a
Semicolon
·
Joe
made the sugar cookies; Susan decorated them.
·
The
sky is clear; the stars are twinkling.
·
The
waves were crashing on the shore; it was a lovely sight.
·
There
were white out conditions in the town; subsequently, the roads were impassable.
·
Check
back tomorrow; I will see if the book has arrived.
·
He
said he was not there yesterday; however, many people saw him there.
·
I
am happy to take your donation; any amount will be greatly appreciated.
·
She
only paints with bold colors; she does not like pastels.
·
She
works two jobs to make ends meet; at least, that was her reason for not having
time to join us.
·
Malls
are great places to shop; I can find everything I need under one roof.
·
Italy
is my favorite country; in fact, I plan to spend two weeks there next year.
·
He
turned in the research paper on Friday; otherwise, he would have not passed the
class.
Compound Sentences in
Quotes
Here
are examples of compound sentences used by well-known people:
·
"A
man may die, nations may rise and fall, but an idea lives on." - John F.
Kennedy
·
"Always
go to other people's funerals; otherwise, they won't go to yours." - Yogi
Berra
·
"Any
jackass can kick down a barn, but it takes a good carpenter to build one."
- Lyndon B. Johnson
·
"The
drought had lasted now for ten million years, and the reign of the terrible
lizards had long since ended." - Arthur C. Clarke, 2001: A Space
Odyssey
·
"Tell
the truth, work hard, and come to dinner on time." - Gerald R. Ford
·
"Government
does not solve problems; it subsidizes them." - Ronald Reagan
·
"I
have often wanted to drown my troubles, but I can't get my wife to go
swimming." - Jimmy Carter
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Benefit of study English for management class :
benefits of learning English in the field of management in my opinion
are:
1. We can relate well with people overseas while working with them.
2. Due to the current global marketing being intensively occur, and can
learn to speak English is our authorized capital to be able to do well.
3. A manager should also be able to give a good example to his
subordinates in a way to have the ability to speak English
4. English is also an international language so as to establish
relationships with people overseas just to rely on the ability of the English
language at least they can understand what we mean and to establish good
relations between countries to promote the economy
Thus I think learning English is very important for management class
days ahead. due for any work outside of the company we have to be able to speak
English properly.
